Patients with lower (low and intermediate-1)-risk MDS had almost 10 times lower PARP1 mRNA levels than patients with higher (intermediate-2 and high)-risk MDS (0.0155 versus 0.1500), and although some overlap exists, the result was highly significant (Independent Samples Mann–Whitney U Test, two-sided P=0.003; Figure 1d). The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.