DDA1 and neoplasm: Deficiency in DDA1 significantly inhibited tumour growth, based on reductions in both tumour volume (shMock: 1468 ± 193.8 mm3versus shDDA1: 443.6 ± 151.8 mm3, n = 5, P < 0.001) (Fig. 2K) and tumour weight (shMock: 1.226 ± 0.193 g versus shDDA1: 0.322 ± 0.121 g, n = 5, P < 0.01) (Fig. 2L).