CASP3 and renal hypertension: Then we performed intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections with AT1R antagonist (losartan), as well as Ras (farnesylthiosalicylic acid, FTS) (Gana-Weisz et al., 1997), MEK (PD98059, which effectively inhibits ERK1/2 phosphorylation) (Virdee and Tolkovsky, 1996), p38 MAPK (SB203580) (Piao et al., 2003) and caspase-3 inhibitors (Z-DEVD-FMK) (Knoblach et al., 2004) respectively in the renal hypertension rats.