INS and Insulin resistance: For example, extracts from Magnolia have shown decreases in fasting blood glucose and plasma insulin in type 2 diabetic rats [48], amelioration of body fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and adipose inflammation in high-fat fed mice [49], stimulation of glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant murine and human adipocytes using the insulin signaling pathway [50], and control of elevated stress-related cortisol level [51] in human.