Gender differences in oxytocin effects have been repeatedly described [22, 23] and might, besides a variety of other factors, contribute to the partial differences between our study and that of Norman and colleagues [32], as well as of Pitman and colleagues [42], who, in contrast to us, did not find an effect of intranasal oxytocin on provoked PTSD symptoms in male veterans. Here, OXT is linked to post-traumatic stress disorder.