TGFB1 and autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura: On the other hand, Zang et al. [99,100] and others [106,124,125,128,129,130,131] reported that Th17 cells and their associated cytokines IL-6 and TGF-β were significantly upregulated in patients with ITP, which may, in association with Treg impairment, promote a Th1-mediated immune response, triggering the disease in both humans and mice.