Recently, the focus of studies investigating the HF mechanism has moved from neuroendocrine activation to cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, endothelin family, TGF-β, and so forth, which are involved in ventricular remodeling [31,32,33,34]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hydrops fetalis.