HES4 and arthrogryposis: In cattle arthrogryposis multiplex congenita has been associated with a genomic deletion encompassing ISG15, HES4, and AGRN genes in the American Angus breed [17]; and in Red Dairy cattle it is associated with a deletion in the first exon of CHRNB1 [18]; furthermore, Iannuzzi et al., in a Piedmont calf affected by arthrogryposis, found the duplication of the SMN gene on BTA20q13.1 [19].