TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Osteoporosis occurs in 1.4–68% of SLE patients.[11,12] Haugeberg et al. found that the prevalence of osteoporosis is approximately 2-fold higher in subjects with RA compared to the general population.[13,14] In people with chronic inflammatory diseases, many proinflammatory cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17,tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon (IFN), are of important roles in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.[10,15] Nevertheless, data on the risk of osteoporosis in patients with AD are scarce.