NPPA and cardiac hypertrophy: GATA4 is a key regulator and transcriptional factor of cardiac hypertrophy and HF, mediating gene expressions in response to hypertrophic/HF stimuli, e.g., pressure overload, isoproterenol, phenylephrine, via activating a variety of HF-associated genes, such as atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), BNP, and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC)24.