Two transplastomic plants expressing T1D-related autoantigens were each administered at three doses: 25 μg (low), 250 μg (medium), and 500 μg (high) of CTB-hpINS or GAD, once per week for 10 weeks to female NOD mice beginning at 5 weeks of age. This evidence concerns the gene GAD1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.