The phylogenetic relationships of CagA genotypes among 75 samples from this cohort of participants from northeastern Thailand, specifically 13 negative and 62 positive for infection with O. viverrini, were compared with two Western cagA and two Eastern cagA reference strains detected in gastro-duodenal disease in Thailand, and three CagA sequences isolated from bile from Thai cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cases, as reported33, 44. The gene discussed is S100A8; the disease is infection.