MAP1LC3A and cancer: Although these findings are consistent with HSF-1 regulating autophagy in C. elegans, we note that contradictory observations on HSF-1's role in autophagy regulation have been made in other systems; lower LC3/Atg8 levels have been detected in HSF1−/− mice56, whereas recent studies in human cancer cell lines show increased LC3 lipidation upon HSF1 deletion and overexpression of HSF1 prevented LC3 lipidation upon heat shock57.