Although these findings are consistent with HSF-1 regulating autophagy in C. elegans, we note that contradictory observations on HSF-1's role in autophagy regulation have been made in other systems; lower LC3/Atg8 levels have been detected in HSF1−/− mice56, whereas recent studies in human cancer cell lines show increased LC3 lipidation upon HSF1 deletion and overexpression of HSF1 prevented LC3 lipidation upon heat shock57. Here, HSF1 is linked to cancer.