As two-thirds of the C. elegans autophagy-related genes examined contain at least one putative HSE in their promoter regions, it is possible that HSF-1 directly binds to the promoters to regulate autophagy gene transcription, as has previously been shown for ATG7 in breast cancer cell lines treated with the chemotherapeutic agent carboplatin58. The gene discussed is ATG7; the disease is breast carcinoma.