TNF and neoplasm: The systemic administration of immunostimulatory agents, such as the synthetic TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) injected intraperitoneally (i.p.)or the oncolytic virus VSVΔ51 administered intravenously (i.v.), induced the production of cytokine TNF-α in the serum and brain of non-tumour bearing mice (Fig. 2b).