INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the UKPDS, female sex, older age, and resistance to insulin were risk factors for reduced GFR but not microalbuminuria, while male sex, obesity, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia were risk factors for microalbuminuria but not reduced GFR (20). Higher blood pressure was a risk factor for both reduced GFR and microalbuminuria.