CA9 and breast carcinoma: For example, Choi et al. (338) classified breast cancer subtypes of patient tumors into four subgroups defined by the ex vivo expression of the glycolysis markers Glut-1 and/or CA-IX in the tumor and stroma, respectively: Warburg type (tumor: GLUT-1 and/or CA-IX positive; stroma: Glut-1 and CAIX negative), reverse Warburg type (tumor: Glut-1 and CAIX negative; stroma: GLUT-1 and/or CA-IX positive), mixed type (tumor and stroma: GLUT-1 and/or CA-IX positive), and null type (tumor and stroma: Glut-1 and CAIX negative).