MAP2K3 and Pallister-Hall syndrome: The genes which play a fundamental role in cellular responses, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3 (MKK3), have been identified as a causal gene of PHS in barley (Hordeum vulgare) (Nakamura et al., 2016) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) (Torada et al., 2016).