HMGB1 and Parkinson disease: In addition, a more recent study showed that systemic administration of neutralizing antibodies to HMGB1 could relieve dopaminergic neuron death upon neurotoxin exposure via inhibition of microglial activation and subsequent neuroinflammation in PD models (Santoro et al., 2016; Sasaki et al., 2016), thus implying the involvement of HMGB1-modulated neuroinflammation dysregulation in the pathogenesis of PD.