TNF and infection: Analysis of mRNA levels of IL-6 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at 2.5 h, 4 h and 8 h post infection (p.i.)(Fig. 1) revealed a moderate induction of IL-6, TNFα, CCL3 and CCL5 upon IV infection of Calu-3 cells (Fig. 1a,b,g,h).