Importantly, the absence or inactivation of Tat in HIV-1 infection has been observed to predominantly generate short non-polyadenylated transcripts of less than 100 nucleotides in length that forms the TAR stem-loop structure, and resulted in reduction of viral transcription and replication (Feng and Holland, 1988; Roy et al., 1990; Yedavalli et al., 2003; Pagans et al., 2005; Das et al., 2011) (Figure 1). The gene discussed is TAT; the disease is HIV-1 infection.