Importantly, a recent genomic study of human High-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS), which is believed to be a precursor lesion of invasive ductal carcinoma, revealed that the p53 pathway was deactivated in all DCIS samples analysed, regardless of TP53 mutation status or intrinsic subtypes12. This evidence concerns the gene TP53 and invasive ductal breast carcinoma.