VEGFA and neoplasm: Within the tumour microenvironment, many of these factors are pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL1, IL6, PGE2, S100 proteins, GM-CSF, M-CSF, VEGF and TNFA, which promote an aberrant state of myelopoiesis (Sawanobori et al. 2008, Ostrand-Rosenberg & Sinha 2009).