IRS1 and prostate cancer: According to previous studies, apigenin inhibits insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induced cell cycle progression and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine phosphorylation and upregulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) through modulation of IGF axis signaling in prostate cancer [32, 33].