PPARGC1A and hydrops fetalis: Although we have previously found that 50 ug/day of Q supplementation upregulates skeletal muscle Pgc-1α in association with increased mitochondrial function in the form of more complete beta oxidation of fatty acids [7] and the mice in the present study showed an ~50% increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial number [32], in the present study we observed no difference in Pgc-1α expression (measured as the total Pgc-1α expression) between HF and HF + Q or HF + RO.