TNF and acute respiratory distress syndrome: Several preclinical studies have determined that in sepsis and ALI/ARDS, MSC exposure resulted in a decline in pro‐inflammatory cytokines including IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IFN‐γ, and TNF‐α 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73 and an increase in anti‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10 49, 50, 51, 56, 57, 63, 64, 67, 70, 73.