This model allows us to ask whether Cbl-b−/− mice can eliminate the B16 liver metastases on their own, i.e., in the absence of anti-PD-1 antibody, and thus to assess the functional relevance of the in vitro resistance of Cbl-b−/− T cells to PD-L1/PD-1 in an in vivo tumor setting. This evidence concerns the gene CBLB and neoplasm.