However, studies performed in IFNAR1−/−, IL-28Rα−/−, and IFNAR1/IL-28Rα double knockout mice show that, in primary airway epithelia, upon influenza infection, IFN-I and IFN-III mediate parallel amplification loops that lead to the induction of fully overlapping groups of ISGs (39). Here, IFNLR1 is linked to influenza.