TERT and neoplasm: GV1001 injections contain a peptide derived from TERT that stimulates telomerase-specific cytotoxic (CD8+) and helper (CD4+) T cells to target and kill tumour cells expressing TERT at the cell surface when injected.86 GRNVAC1 injections contain antigen-presenting cells activated ex vivo by exposure to hTERT mRNA, which also target TERT-expressing cells.87 Both vaccines appear to be well tolerated in current trials, although no sustained significant improvements in patient outcome have been reported to date.86, 88–90