LEP and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: To mimic the physiological environment of obesity associated with inflammation due to macrophage infiltration, three in vitro models: 1) leptin-treated macrophages, 2) Ad-CM-treated macrophages, and 3) co-culture of adipocytes and macrophages, were built to study the effect of lunasin on the obesity-related inflammatory reaction in RAW264.7 macrophages (Fig 1A).