TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Mechanistically, the obesity-related inflammation includes mTOR, JAK, JNK, IKKβ, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways involved in inflammation activation [3, 31], which contribute to increased secretion of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and resistin, and decreased secretion of adiponectin [30].