Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the mechanism by which mammalian tumor cells undergo NaD1-mediated cell death at subacute concentrations is non-apoptotic and likely to be via primary necrosis as observed previously, under acute killing conditions.17 It should be noted that alternative non-apoptotic cell death pathways of pyroptosis and necroptosis have also been considered as potential pathways of NaD1-mediated tumor cell killing. Here, MT-ND1 is linked to neoplasm.