MT-ND1 and neoplasm: NaD1 at an acute concentration (10 μM) has been previously shown to target PIP2 at the plasma membrane of tumor cells to elicit membrane permeabilization, a process that can be inhibited by the PIP2-sequestering agent, neomycin.26,27 To determine whether PIP2 is also involved in the induction of NaD1-mediated cell killing at subacute concentrations over time, LDH cytotoxicity assays were performed on MM170 and Jurkat cells following 24 h of treatment with NaD1 at subacute concentrations in the presence or absence of neomycin.