INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Other than insulin-signaling and T2DM pathway that relates to both insulin secretion and insulin-signaling, the other pathways such as JAK-STAT, MAPK, TGF, Toll-like receptor, p53 and mTOR, adipocytokine, FOXO, PPAR, and P13-AKT signaling pathways have all been connected in T2DM (Figure 9A).