Anti-ribonucleoprotein (RNP1) titers in CSF have been associated with the presence of neuropsychiatric manifestations in both SLE and mixed connective tissue disease.38 Anti-aquaporin 4 is a marker of neuromyelitis optica (Devic’s disease), a multiple sclerosis-like disease that can occur on its own or be a manifestation of NPSLE.23 Anti-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was found to be a marker of schizophrenia and depression both in patients with and without SLE and to directly induce dendritic atrophy and cognitive and emotional dysfunction in mice after intrathecal injection.39 This evidence concerns the gene GAPDH and systemic lupus erythematosus.