However, this result accords with our previous findings of an enhanced IFN-γ response to BCG, an enhanced IL-13 response to TT, and an enhanced risk of infantile eczema in the same group [7, 19] and suggests a pro-inflammatory effect of albendazole, in the absence of maternal hookworm, which may be a direct effect of the drug, or mediated by effects on other co-infections. This evidence concerns the gene IL13 and Eczematoid dermatitis.