TNF and viral infectious disease: We found that after repetitive postnatal rrRSV infection, weanlings (RRR) from RSV-infected mothers still had reduced levels of specific cytokines involved in innate and adaptive immunity to viral infections compared to CRR weanlings, including: IFN-γ (270.4 ± 66.94 pg/ml vs. 436.9 ± 30.57 pg/ml, P˂0.05; Fig 5A), IL-2 (111.9 ± 25.82 pg/ml vs. 207 ± 14.47 pg/ml, P<0.01; Fig 5B), IL-12p70 (460 ± 84.3 pg/ml vs. 650.50 ± 38.58 pg/ml, P<0.05; Fig 5C), IL-17A (104.2 ± 18.88 pg/ml vs. 159.9 ± 11.15 pg/ml, P<0.02; Fig 5D), and TNF-α (68.85 ± 13.61 pg/ml vs. 101.7 ± 6.66 pg/ml, P<0.04; Fig 5E).