To evaluate the significance of podoplanin in TGF-β release from tumour cell-platelet reactants, we established two UM-UC-5 cell lines in which podoplanin was knocked down, UM-UC-5/shPDPN_23 and UM-UC-5/shPDPN_26 (Fig. 4a). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.