The likelihood of a NOD2-dysregulating microbial community in immune-mediated disorders, such as CD is strengthened by data from recent NOD2-/- mice [40], in which unregulated inflammation of the gut results taxonomic shifts in bacterial phyla characteristic of the change in the microbiome during inflammation, and similar to those described in IBD patients compared with healthy controls. Here, NOD2 is linked to Cowden disease.