TNF and infection: The PBMC responses of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were higher in the healthy controls than in the patients with MAC-LD after stimulation with MAC bacilli at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 20 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 1401.8 ± 1370.3 vs. 449.7 ± 603.7 pg/ml, p = 0.001), MOI = 100 (2982.4 ± 3268.2 vs. 1079.0 ± 1095.5 pg/ml, p = 0.004), and sensitin (10 μg/ml) (567.0 ± 189.0 vs. 255.6 ± 192.1 pg/ml, p = 0.042) (Fig. 1A).