We demonstrated very strong protection from FV challenge infection and FV-induced disease in immunized mice when the vaccines were administered sequentially; interestingly, the immune responses significantly differed from those induced by the live-attenuated vaccine virus F-MuLV-N in strength and quality, with no detectable GagL85–93-specific CD8+ T cell response to F-MuLV-N but a superior antibody response compared to the adenovirus-based vaccine (summarized in Fig. 7). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is infection.