Since ACA was found to inhibit p65/Rel A previously [14], it is possible that the reduction of Beclin-1 observed upon ACA treatment in this study was as a result of the low expression of p65/Rel A. However, the underlying mechanism for formation of autophagosome which bypass the Beclin-1/PI3K complex and the specific function of the non-canonical autophagy in cancer remains to be further investigated. Here, BECN1 is linked to cancer.