EDN1 and heart failure: Polymorphisms in angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II type I receptor and aldosterone synthase, as well as polymorphisms in paraoxonase 2, NOS3 endothelin-1 and α and β-adrenergic receptors, are related to essential hypertension, myocardial stiffness and infarction, heart failure, coronary artery atherosclerosis, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricle hypertrophy30.