Polymorphisms in angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensin II type I receptor and aldosterone synthase, as well as polymorphisms in paraoxonase 2, NOS3 endothelin-1 and α and β-adrenergic receptors, are related to essential hypertension, myocardial stiffness and infarction, heart failure, coronary artery atherosclerosis, idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricle hypertrophy30. Here, ACE is linked to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.