TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: The presence of immunomodulatory cytokines in Treg EVs has not been documented to date; however, TGF-β has been found in EVs derived from DCs modified to express TGF-β1, and it has been demonstrated that, unlike soluble TGF-β1, TGF-β1-EVs play a protective role during inflammatory bowel disease development by promoting CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cell development and decreasing the proportion of Th17 cells [30].