On the other hand, VEGF in the PTX-NPs + RT group reached the lowest expression, compared to the other groups, suggesting that PTX-NPs play a role in decreasing VEGF against the increased level of RT, which in turn suggest that PTX released from NPs modulated the interaction between the tumor and its microenvironment due to the EPR of NPs. The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is neoplasm.