CASP1 and myopathy: In addition, caspase-1 deficiency in four tissues upregulated the two following genes: (1) nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) [42], which acts as a regulator of nicotinate/nicotinamide metabolism, NADPH-generating enzyme, and mitochondrial membrane potential keeper [43] and (2) phosphorylase kinase α1 (Phka1) [44], which regulates calcium signaling, insulin signaling, and also acts as a myopathy inhibitor [45].