REN and Abnormal renal physiology: In mechanism, the presence of renal dysfunction and other risk factors could result in the increased concentration of asymmetric dimethylarginine inhibiting generation of nitric oxide, the low-grade inflammation raising oxidative stress, dyslipidaemia, and the elevated activity of the renin–angiotensin system stimulating production of superoxide and cytokines.[28–29] Thus, the progression of endothelial dysfunction and following atherosclerosis was probably one of the mechanisms for stroke in patients with reduced eGFR.