The E3 family member Nedd4-1 mediates the ubiquitination of α-synuclein and exerts neuroprotective effects in PD.45, 46, 47 Therefore, we examined whether Nedd4-2 may have a similar effect as Nedd4-1 on α-synuclein aggregation in the SN. This evidence concerns the gene NEDD4L and Parkinson disease.