TGFB1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: DMF (10 μM) significantly reduced basal mRNA levels of OSM and ICAM1 and prevented hypoxia-induced upregulation of NOX4, IL-6, OSM and ICAM1 (Fig. 3B,C), as well as the pro-fibrotic and pro-proliferative genes known to be involved in PAH pathology3: endothelin 1 (ET-1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet derived growth factor beta polypeptide (PDGFB) and transforming growth factor TGFβ (Supplementary Fig. 3).