UBE2L3 and infection: Based on these results, we hypothesized that infection with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), a bacterial pathogen that can strongly activate NLRP3 via its listeriolysin toxin, AIM2, by release of genomic DNA, and weakly activate the NLRC4 pathway because of downregulation of flagellin expression (Kim et al., 2010, Warren et al., 2010, Wu et al., 2010), should also cause loss of UBE2L3.