For example, effector/memory status (as determined by CCR7 and CD45RA staining22) showed a decrease in CD8EMRA content (CD8+CCR7−CD45RA+) in tumour tissue compared with lung tissue with a reciprocal increase in CD8EM content (CD8+CCR7−CD45RA−) in tumour tissue compared with lung tissue (Fig. 4c–e). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.