The conflicting results reported may be secondary to the paradoxical action of TGF-β during tumour progression; while it initially supresses tumour development by regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion and tumour microenvironment, TGF-β can manifest its pro-tumorigenicity by inducing uncontrolled cell proliferation, loss of apoptosis, EMT, sustained angiogenesis and evasion of immune surveillance [119]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.