TP53 and Balkan nephropathy: AAN is certain in any individual who suffers from renal failure, in combination with at least two of the following three criteria: (i) a renal histology displaying interstitial fibrosis with a corticomedullary gradient; (ii) a history of consumption of herbal products which demonstrated the presence of AA; and (iii) the presence of AA-DNA adducts (or the specific A:T → T:A transversion in p53 gene) in a kidney tissue sample or of a urothelial tumor.